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New cells are constantly generated in the lower layers of  the skin and as these cells are exposed to air and pollutants, they become hard. Exfoliation is the removal  of these dead cells from the outermost layer of  the skin. After these cells are removed, the new cells beneath are exposed.

Advantages of  exfoliation are:

1. The blackheads in the skin are removed

2. The skins pores are unclogged

3. Blood circulation is improved

4. The skin becomes softer, since the harder layer is removed

5. Skin can breathe better

A new layer of skin is usually formed once in 20 days  when  a person is younger than 25 days, but as a person grows older,  a new layer may be formed only once a month. This causes the skin to look dull and leathery in older persons. Skin feels dry after exfoliation, so a moisturizer should be used. A body scrub should not be used on the face, it can damage the skin.

Some areas of  the skin like the feet and elbows are subject to more friction and a hard layer of skin cells is formed more quickly. These areas need to be exfoliated twice a week. Products used for exfoliation  of  the skin on the face should be first tested on the elbows. For oily T-zones, the nose should be exfoliated twice a week, otherwise once a week is sufficient. Lips can be exfoliated using a soft toothbrush. Chemical peels are sometimes used for removal of  the outer layer of  the skin, but may have side effects..

 Toners are usually applied to the face using damp cotton wool or a gauze. They can also be sprayed on to the face. Some toners can be used specifically for treating red irritated skin or removing dead skin cells. Toners containing witch hazel may dry the skin, so a moisturizer like honey may have to be used.